2-99.5% nucleotide identity with global G9 strains. The full genome classification of all Cameroonian strains was G9-P[8]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1 but phylogenetic analysis IPI-145 mw of each gene revealed that the strains were spread across 4 or more distinct lineages. An unusual strain, RVA/Human-wt/CMR/6788/1999/G9P[8], which shared the genomic constellation

of other Cameroonian G9P[8] strains, contained a novel G9 subtype which diverged significantly (18.8% nucleotide and 19% amino acid distance) from previously described G9 strains. Nucleotide and amino acid alignments revealed that the 3′ end of this gene is highly divergent from other G9 VP7 genes suggesting that it arose through extensive accumulation of point mutations. The results of this study demonstrate that diverse G9 strains circulated in Cameroon during 1999-2000. Published by Elsevier B.V.”
“New therapeutic strategies are needed to combat the tuberculosis pandemic and the spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) forms of the disease, which remain a serious public health challenge worldwide(1,2). The most urgent clinical

need is to discover potent agents capable of reducing the duration of MDR and XDR tuberculosis therapy AG-881 mw with a success rate comparable to that of current therapies for drug-susceptible tuberculosis. The last decade has seen the discovery of new agent classes for the management of tuberculosis(3-5), several of which are currently in clinical trials(6-8). However, given the high attrition rate of drug candidates during clinical development and the emergence of drug resistance, the discovery of

additional clinical candidates is clearly needed. Here, we report on a promising class of imidazopyridine amide (IPA) compounds that block Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth GW4869 inhibitor by targeting the respiratory cytochrome bc(1) complex. The optimized IPA compound Q203 inhibited the growth of MDR and XDR M. tuberculosis clinical isolates in culture broth medium in the low nanomolar range and was efficacious in a mouse model of tuberculosis at a dose less than 1 mg per kg body weight, which highlights the potency of this compound. In addition, Q203 displays pharmacokinetic and safety profiles compatible with once-daily dosing. Together, our data indicate that Q203 is a promising new clinical candidate for the treatment of tuberculosis.

06), respectively, with no additional pain relief benefits beyond these points. ISB reduced postoperative opioid consumption up to 12 hours, decreased postoperative nausea and vomiting at 24 hours, and expedited postanesthesia care unit and hospital discharge. The type, dose, and volume of local anesthetic used did not affect the results. CONCLUSIONS: ISB can provide effective analgesia up to 6 hours with motion and 8 hours at rest after shoulder surgery, with no demonstrable benefits thereafter. Patients who receive an ISB can suffer rebound pain at 24 hours but later experience similar

pain severity compared with those who do not receive an ISB. ISB can also provide an opioid-sparing Salubrinal inhibitor effect and reduce opioid-related PKC inhibitor side effects in the first 12 and 24 hours postoperatively, respectively. These findings are useful to inform preoperative risk-benefit discussions regarding ISB for shoulder surgery.”
“CD20 expression is associated with early recurrence and inferior survival in precursor-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients treated with chemotherapy. Whether CD20 influences outcomes after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is unknown. We analyzed CD20 expression on blasts at diagnosis in 157 patients who underwent allo-HSCT in the first complete remission (57%) or the second complete remission (43%). Of 125 evaluable patients, 71 were

>= 20 years of age. CD20 expression was observed in 58 patients (46%; 52% of children, 39% of adults). There was no association between age, Ph+ status, white blood cell count at diagnosis, and CD20 positivity. After allo-HSCT, disease-free survival at 5 years was 48% for all patients, 55% (95% confidence

interval 40%-67%) for CD20(+) patients, and 43% (95% confidence interval 30%-54%) for CD20(-) patients (P = .15). Relapse did not differ between the groups. These results can serve as a reference to evaluate incorporation of anti-CD20 therapeutics to HSCT for the CD20(+) acute lymphoblastic leukemia subset. Clinical trial numbers for www.clinicaltrials.gov are NCT00365287, NCT00305682, and NCT00303719. (Blood. 2011; 117(19): 5261-5263)”
“Acute mesenteric ischaemia (AMI) is a lethal disease with an increasing incidence. Despite C59 order the availability of effective treatment, AMI remains a vascular emergency with over 60% mortality rate mainly due to late diagnosis. The difficulty in diagnosing this fatal condition stems from non-specific clinical and laboratory findings and lack of appropriate imaging study. Our aim was to test a non-invasive method of identifying AMI using PET.\n\nThe study was conducted in normal pigs (n = 14), sham-operated pigs (n = 4) and pigs undergoing ischaemia and reperfusion of intestine (n = 6). Liver blood flow was imaged by H(2) (15)O PET and liver blood content by C(15)O PET. Both scans were performed during intestinal ischaemia and during reperfusion.\n\nAMI was identified by PET imaging of hepatic perfusion and blood pool.

“
“Background: ZAP70 gene expression is associated with poor prognosis in B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders especially chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) but its role in adult B-ALL has not been established. On diagnostic samples from 76 patients with adult ALL (65 with B-ALL and 11 with T-ALL) ZAP70 mRNA expression levels were studied by real time-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis.\n\nFindings: A broad distribution of ZAP70 expression JNJ-26481585 chemical structure was observed in ALL, ranging from 0.002 to 5.3 fold that of the ZAP70 positive Jurkat reference cell line. No association was

observed between expression levels and the presence of specific cytogenetic abnormalities. Five cases, including one case of T-ALL, had ZAP70 expression above the level of the Jurkat reference cell line.\n\nConclusions: Our results confirm the frequent expression of ZAP70 in adult ALL. Limited comparisons made did highlight poor-risk patients with high ZAP70 expression, but due to lack of clinical information on patient samples we were unable to directly assess the impact on disease prognosis. ZAP-70 may be

an important laboratory assay in adult ALL and further studies are warranted ISRIB Apoptosis inhibitor to study a potential correlation with cytogenetic and other genetic markers.”
“To identify the independent risk factors, based on available evidence in the literature, for patients developing surgical site infections (SSI) after spinal surgery.\n\nNon-interventional studies evaluating the independent risk factors for patients developing SSI following spinal surgery were searched in Medline, Embase, Sciencedirect and OVID. The quality of the included studies was assessed by a modified quality assessment GSK2245840 tool that had been previously designed for observational studies. The effects of studies were combined with the study quality score using a best-evidence synthesis model.\n\nThirty-six observational studies involving 2,439 patients

with SSI after spinal surgery were identified. The included studies covered a wide range of indications and surgical procedures. These articles were published between 1998 and 2012. According to the quality assessment criteria for included studies, 15 studies were deemed to be high-quality studies, 5 were moderate-quality studies, and 16 were low-quality studies. A total of 46 independent factors were evaluated for risk of SSI. There was strong evidence for six factors, including obesity/BMI, longer operation times, diabetes, smoking, history of previous SSI and type of surgical procedure. We also identified 8 moderate-evidence, 31 limited-evidence and 1 conflicting-evidence factors.\n\nAlthough there is no conclusive evidence for why postoperative SSI occurs, these data provide evidence to guide clinicians in admitting patients who will have spinal operations and to choose an optimal prophylactic strategy.

Plant size decreased more in the C3 than C4 subspecies at low Ca, but nitrogen pool sizes were unchanged, and nitrogen concentrations increased across all plant partitions. The C3, but not C4 subspecies, preferentially allocated biomass to leaves and increased specific leaf area at low Ca. In the C3 subspecies, increased leaf nitrogen was linked to photosynthetic acclimation at the interglacial Ca, mediated via

higher photosynthetic capacity combined with greater stomatal conductance. Glacial Ca further increased the biochemical acclimation and nitrogen concentrations in the C3 subspecies, but these were insufficient to maintain photosynthetic rates. In contrast, the C4 subspecies maintained photosynthetic rates, nitrogen- and water-use efficiencies and plant https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Romidepsin-FK228.html biomass at interglacial CA4P purchase and glacial Ca with minimal physiological adjustment. At low Ca, the C4 carbon-concentrating mechanism therefore offered a significant advantage over the C3 type for carbon acquisition at the

whole-plant scale, apparently mediated via nitrogen economy and water loss. A limiting nutrient supply damped the biomass responses to Ca and increased the C4 advantage across all Ca treatments. Findings highlight the importance of considering leaf responses in the context of the whole plant, and show that carbon limitation may be offset at the expense of greater plant demand

for soil resources such as nitrogen and water. Results show that the combined effects of low CO2 and resource limitation benefit C4 plants over C3 plants in glacialinterglacial environments, but that this advantage is lessened under anthropogenic conditions.”
“Background: Protein domains are commonly used to assess the functional roles and evolutionary relationships of proteins and protein families. Here, we use the Pfam protein family database to examine a set GSK J4 solubility dmso of candidate partial domains. Pfam protein domains are often thought of as evolutionarily indivisible, structurally compact, units from which larger functional proteins are assembled; however, almost 4% of Pfam27 PfamA domains are shorter than 50% of their family model length, suggesting that more than half of the domain is missing at those locations. To better understand the structural nature of partial domains in proteins, we examined 30,961 partial domain regions from 136 domain families contained in a representative subset of PfamA domains (RefProtDom2 or RPD2). Results: We characterized three types of apparent partial domains: split domains, bounded partials, and unbounded partials. We find that bounded partial domains are over-represented in eukaryotes and in lower quality protein predictions, suggesting that they often result from inaccurate genome assemblies or gene models.

With the application of the optimized protocol, four carnation cultivars (‘Master’, ‘Calibra’, ‘Lamour’ and ‘Ofcar’) achieved regrowth percentage after cryopreservation ranging from 41 to 73 %. Ultrastructural observations investigated by using transmission electron microscopy showed that the cells encountered the stress during cryopreservation and the main DZNeP solubility dmso damages occurred during the dehydration step. For surviving cells, the most of the damaged cells could be repaired after recovery growth. This modified protocol will aid in the

long-term conservation of carnation germplasm and the ultrastructural studies will benefit for understanding the damage and recovery of the cells during cryopreservation.”
“Myo-inositol is important for Streptomyces growth and morphological differentiation. Genomic sequence analysis revealed a myo-inositol catabolic gene cluster in Streptomyces coelicolor. Disruption of the corresponding genes

in this cluster abolished the bacterial growth on myo-inositol as a single carbon source. The transcriptions of these genes were remarkably enhanced by addition of myo-inositol in minimal medium. A putative regulatory gene SCO6974, encoding a GntR family protein, is situated in the cluster. Disruption of SCO6974 significantly enhanced the transcription of myo-inositol catabolic genes. SCO6974 was shown to interact with the promoter regions of myo-inositol catabolic genes using electrophoretic mobility shift Entinostat in vitro assays. DNase I footprinting assays demonstrated that SCO6974 recognized a conserved palindromic sequence (A/T)TGT(A/C)N(G/T)(G/T)ACA(A/T). TPCA-1 in vitro Base substitution of the conserved sequence completely abolished the binding of SCO6974 to the targets demonstrating that SCO6974 directly represses the transcriptions of myo-inositol catabolic genes. Furthermore, the disruption

of SCO6974 was correlated with a reduced sporulation of S. coelicolor in mannitol soya flour medium and with the overproduction of actinorhodin and calcium-dependent antibiotic. The addition of myo-inositol suppressed the sporulation deficiency of the mutant, indicating that the effect could be related to a shortage in myo-inositol due to its enhanced catabolism in this strain. This enhanced myo-inositol catabolism likely yields dihydroxyacetone phosphate and acetyl-CoA that are indirect or direct precursors of the overproduced antibiotics.”
“To investigate the effect of Auditory, Tactile, Visual and Vestibular stimulus (ATVV) on neuromotor development in preterm infants.\n\nFifty preterm infants born at 28-36 wk with a birth weight ranging from 1,000-2,000 g were recruited for the study. They were block randomized into a control group (n = 25) and study group (n = 25). New Ballard score was used for the baseline measurement of neuromaturity in both groups.

We found that one individual was coinfected with two genotypes, GII/2 and GII/12. This is the first report of the detection of NV genotypes in asymptomatic food handlers working at a nonoutbreak facility. The excretion of NV from healthy individuals may be an infection source of NV outbreaks as well

as other food-borne diseases.”
“‘Repetition suppression’ (RS) denotes the decrease of neural responses to repeated external sensory stimuli. We showed that RS can be also triggered by internal processes alone. When individuals perform repetitive covert movements, that is, motor imagery or quasi-movements, both of which are associated with pericentral cortical activity without muscle activations, there was a significant recovery of electroencephalographic oscillations over sensorimotor cortices back to resting baseline selleck chemical level. After 58s of task performance only 20% of alpha and 5% of beta suppressions remained (overt movements: 34% remaining in alpha, complete recovery in b). This result suggests that various, possibly all, check details repeated cerebral activations are associated with RS, presumably reflecting the adaptation to stereotyped activation in neural networks. NeuroReport 22:141-145 (C) 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health vertical bar Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.”
“Hypothermia is known to improve tissue function in different organs during physiological and pathological conditions.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of hypothermia on oral and gastric mucosal microvascular oxygenation (mu HbO(2)) and perfusion (mu flow) under physiological and hemorrhagic conditions. Five dogs were repeatedly anesthetized. All animals underwent each experimental protocol (randomized cross-over design): hypothermia (34 degrees C), hypothermia during hemorrhage, normothermia, and normothermia during hemorrhage. Microcirculatory and hemodynamic variables were recorded. Systemic (DO2) and oral mucosal (mu DO2) oxygen delivery were calculated. Hypothermia increased oral mu HbO(2) with no

effect on gastric mu HbO(2). Hemorrhage reduced oral and gastric mu HbO(2) during normothermia (-36 +/- 4% and -27 +/- 7%); however, this effect was attenuated during additional hypothermia (15 +/- 5% and 11 +/- 5%). The improved mu HbO(2) might be based on an attenuated A-1210477 reduction in mu flow during hemorrhage and additional hypothermia (-51 +/- 21 aU) compared to hemorrhage and normothermia (-106 +/- 19 aU) mu DO2 was accordingly attenuated under hypothermia during hemorrhage whereas DO2 did not change. Thus, in this study hypothermia alone improves oral mu HbO(2) and attenuates the effects of hemorrhage on oral and gastric mu HbO(2). This effect seems to be mediated by an increased mu DO2 on the basis of increased mu flow.”
“Hydrazonohydrazides were synthesized by acid-catalyzed condensation of 2,3-seco-triterpene 1-cyano-3hydrazides with aldehydes. The antiviral action of the hydrazonohydrazides was studied against vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus.

Here, we show the distribution of nickel and OSI-744 inhibitor other elements in leaf tissue of the nickel hyperaccumulator plant Alyssum lesbiacum prepared by high-pressure freezing and freeze substitution.”
“Background : Continuous monitoring systems have allowed determination of the time-to-positivity (TTP). We evaluated the clinical relevance of UP in the BACTEC9240 system (Becton-Dickinson, USA).\n\nMethods : A total of 2,354 vials of positive blood cultures were evaluated over 2 months. UP was monitored from each of BACTEC Plus Aerobic/F (BD) or Pediatric Plus/F and Lytic Anaerobic/F bottles, and the differential time-to-positivity (DTP) for blood samples drawn simultaneously via catheter

and a peripheral site was determined.\n\nResults : The average UP of the positive vials was 17.4 hr, and 79.9% and 95.2% of the vials showed positivity within 24 and 48 hr, respectively. While the average UP values for Aeromonas hydrophila, Bacillus cereus, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Streptococcus pneumoniae were less than 10 hr, those for Candida spp., anaerobes, Propionibacterium NU7441 acnes, Corynebacterium spp, Bacillus spp. other than cereus, and coagulase-negative staphylococci were 35.3, 27.0, 56.8, 45.8, 23.0, and 26.3 hr, respectively. The negative predictive values of UP over 24 hr to predict Staphylococcus aureus among staphylococci and S. pneumoniae among a-hemolytic streptococci

were 76.7% and 100%, respectively. Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcus faecalis showed shorter UP in anaerobic vials than in aerobic vials. DTP of more than 2 hr was observed for 27.8%, 72.2%, and 45.5% of S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and Candida spp.\n\nConclusions : UP can be used to discriminate pathogens and contaminants. The shorter UP in anaerobic vials of certain Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcus sop. would facilitate further identification. DTP is useful for diagnosing catheter-related bloodstream infection

by S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and Candida spp. (Korean J Lab Med 2010;30:276-83)”
“Several virulence factors of Helicobacter pylori play crucial role in the pathogenesis of the infections. H.pylori iceA gene which is induced by the contact with epithelium during the attachment of bacterium to the gastric mucosa, possess two variants (iceA1 and iceA2). Although there are some data indicating the relationship AZD9291 order between H.pylori iceA1 and peptic ulcer, this concept is still controversial. The aims of this study were to investigate the presence and prevalence of H.pylori iceA1 and iceA2 gene regions in the tissue samples of patients diagnosed as chronic gastritis and gastric cancer, and to evaluate whether any correlation existed between these genotypes and clinical manifestations. A total of 109 tissue samples obtained from chronic gastritis (n = 55) and gastric cancer (n = 54) patients whose H.pylori infections have been confirmed by histopathologic examination of biopsy samples, were included in the study. The presence of H.

Methods. In a case-control study including 111 low-dose aspirin users with peptic ulcers and 109 controls (asymptomatic aspirin users), the polymorphism (T-1676C) of the COX-1 gene promoter was genotyped, and blood type, H pylori status, and clinical factors were assessed. Results. Univariate analysis showed no significant differences in genotype frequencies of the COX-1 gene at position -1676 between the peptic ulcer group and control

group. Multivariate analysis revealed that blood type O, advanced age, history of peptic ulcer, and concomitant use Crenolanib in vitro of NSAID were the independent risk factors for the development of peptic ulcer with the odds ratios of the 2.1, 3.1, 27.6, and 2.9, respectively. Conclusion. The C-1676T polymorphism in the COX-1 gene promoter is not a risk factor for ulcer formation during treatment with low-dose aspirin. Blood type O, advanced age, history of peptic ulcer, and concomitant use of NSAID are of independent significance in predicting peptic ulcer development during treatment with low-dose aspirin.”
“Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (Bmp4) is essential for lung development. To define the intracellular signaling mechanisms by which Bmp4 regulates selleck compound lung development, BMP-specific Smad1 or

Smad5 was selectively knocked out in fetal mouse lung epithelial cells. Abrogation of lung epithelial-specific Smad1, but not Smad5, resulted in retardation of lung branching morphogenesis and reduced sacculation, accompanied by altered distal lung epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation and, consequently, severe neonatal respiratory failure. By combining cDNA microarray with ChIP-chip analyses, Wnt inhibitory factor 1 (Wif1) was identified as a novel target gene of Smad1 in the developing mouse lung epithelial cells. Loss of Smad1 transcriptional activation of Wif1 was associated with reduced Wif1 expression and increased Wnt/beta-catenin signaling activity in lung epithelia, resulting in specific fetal lung abnormalities. This

suggests a novel regulatory loop of Bmp4-Smad1-Wif1-Wnt/beta-catenin in coordinating BMP and Wnt pathways to control fetal lung development.”
“Background: Cinacalcet selleck is a new effective treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) in hemodialysis patients (HP), but the alterations of parathyroid gland (PTG) hyperplasia determined by cinacalcet and vitamin D have not been extensively investigated in humans.\n\nMethods: We performed histological analyses of 94 PTGs removed from 25 HP who underwent parathyroidectomy (PTx) because of SHPT refractory to therapy with vitamin D alone (group A = 13 HP and 46 PTGs) or associated with cinacalcet (group B = 12 HP and 48 PTGs). The number, weight, the macroscopic cystic/hemorrhagic changes, and type of hyperplasia of PTG (nodular = NH, diffuse = DH) were assessed.

METHODS: Study conducted with 61 adults in Lima, Peru, from January 2006 to December 2007. The yield of sputum cultures was compared with the yield PLX3397 of acid-fast bacilli smears and cultures of bronchial washing for diagnosing pulmonary tuberculosis in suspected cases of clinical tuberculosis with negative acid fast bacilli sputum smears. RESULTS: Twenty seven (95% CI 32; 58) of the cases were eventually diagnosed with smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis. Bronchial washing samples detected 23 (95% CI 72; 99) of the smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis cases compared with 15 (95% CI 37; 74) for sputum cultures (p = 0.02). The incremental diagnostic yield of acid fast bacilli

smear and culture of bronchial washing specimens over sputum culture was 44% (95% CI 25; 65). CONCLUSIONS: In function of the epidemiological context and the resources available, bronchoscopy should be deployed as part of a comprehensive work up that optimizes smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis diagnosis and minimizes risk and costs.”
“Imaging the expression and localization of RNAs in live-cell nucleus can provide important information on RNA synthesis, processing, and transport. Here, we report the development of a bifunctional molecular AZD6094 solubility dmso beacon (NLS-MB) composed of a single nuclear localization sequence (NLS) peptide conjugated to a molecular beacon for efficient delivery and imaging of endogenous RNAs in the nuclei of

living cells. We characterized the NLS-MBs by comparing their signal-to-noise ratios with unmodified molecular beacons and determined their efficiency of nuclear import. We demonstrated the specificity and sensitivity of the method by observing in living cells the localization and colocalization of small nuclear RNAs (snRNA) U1 and U2 at discrete foci in the nucleoplasm, EVP4593 datasheet and the localization of small nucleolar RNA U3 in the nucleolus. These snRNAs were chosen because of their essential roles in RNA biogenesis. The results were validated using in situ hybridization as positive control and random beacons as negative control. This novel approach may be applied to

imaging other nuclear RNAs and pre-mRNAs in living cells.”
“The gene encoding the membrane occupation and recognition nexus protein MORN1 is conserved across the Apicomplexa. In Toxoplasma gondii, MORN1 is associated with the spindle poles, the anterior and posterior rings of the inner membrane complex (IMC). The present study examines the localization of MORN1 during the coccidian development of T. gondii and three Eimeria species (in the definitive host) and erythrocytic schizogony of Plasmodium falciparum. During asexual proliferation, MORN1 is associated with the posterior ring of the IMCs of the multiple daughters forming during T. gondii endopolygeny and schizogony in Eimeria and P. falciparum. Furthermore, the expression of P. falciparum MORN1 protein peaked in late schizogony.

“
“Comprehensive proteome profiling of breast cancer tissue selleck chemicals llc samples is challenging, as the tissue samples contain many proteins with varying concentrations and modifications. We report an effective sample preparation strategy combined with liquid chromatography (LC) electrospray ionization (ESI) quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) MS/MS for proteome

analysis of human breast cancer tissue. The complexity of the breast cancer tissue proteome was reduced by using protein precipitation from a tissue extract, followed by,sequential protein solubilization in solvents of different solubilizing strength. The individual fractions of protein mixtures or subproteomes were subjected to trypsin digestion and the resultant peptides were separated by strong cation exchange (SCX) chromatography, followed by reversed-phase capillary LC combined with high resolution and high accuracy ESi-QTOF MS/MS. This approach identified 14407 unique peptides from 3749 different proteins based on peptide matches with scores above

the threshold scores at the 95% confidence level in MASCOT database search Z-DEVD-FMK clinical trial of the acquired MS/MS spectra. The false positive rate of peptide matches was determined to be 0.95% by using the target-decoy sequence search strategy. On the basis of gene ontology categorization, the identified proteins represented a wide variety of biological functions, cellular processes, and cellular locations.”
“Development of the flattened laminar structure in plant leaves requires highly regulated cell division and expansion patterns. Although tight regulation

of these processes is essential during leaf development, leaf shape is highly diverse across the plant kingdom, implying that patterning of growth must be amenable to evolutionary change. Here, we describe the molecular identification of the classical tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) mutant lyrate, which is impaired in outgrowth of leaflet primodia and laminar tissues during compound leaf development. We found that the lyrate phenotype results from a loss-of-function mutation of selleck screening library the tomato JAGGED homolog, a well-described positive regulator of cell division in lateral organs. We demonstrate that LYRATE coordinates lateral outgrowth in the compound leaves of tomato by interacting with both the KNOX and auxin transcriptional networks and suggest that evolutionary changes in LYRATE expression may contribute to the fundamental difference between compound and simple leaves.”
“Central nervous system tissues, like other tissue types, undergo constant remodeling, which potentially leads to changes in their mechanical stiffness. Moreover, mechanical compliance of central nervous system tissues can also be modified under external load such as that experienced in traumatic brain or spinal cord injury, and during pathological processes.